验证器
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此页面提供了在 Pydantic 中创建更复杂、自定义验证器的示例代码片段。
使用带有 Annotated
元数据的自定义验证器¶
在这个示例中,我们将构建一个自定义验证器,附加到一个 Annotated
类型上,以确保 datetime
对象遵守给定的时区约束。
自定义验证器支持时区的字符串指定,如果 datetime
对象没有正确的时区,它将引发错误。
我们在验证器中使用 __get_pydantic_core_schema__
来定制已注释类型的模式(在这种情况下, datetime
),这使我们能够添加自定义验证逻辑。值得注意的是,我们使用 wrap
验证器函数,以便我们可以在默认的 pydantic
对 datetime
进行验证之前和之后执行操作。
import datetime as dt
from dataclasses import dataclass
from pprint import pprint
from typing import Any, Callable, Optional
import pytz
from pydantic_core import CoreSchema, core_schema
from typing_extensions import Annotated
from pydantic import (
GetCoreSchemaHandler,
PydanticUserError,
TypeAdapter,
ValidationError,
)
@dataclass(frozen=True)
class MyDatetimeValidator:
tz_constraint: Optional[str] = None
def tz_constraint_validator(
self,
value: dt.datetime,
handler: Callable, # (1)!
):
"""Validate tz_constraint and tz_info."""
# handle naive datetimes
if self.tz_constraint is None:
assert (
value.tzinfo is None
), 'tz_constraint is None, but provided value is tz-aware.'
return handler(value)
# validate tz_constraint and tz-aware tzinfo
if self.tz_constraint not in pytz.all_timezones:
raise PydanticUserError(
f'Invalid tz_constraint: {self.tz_constraint}',
code='unevaluable-type-annotation',
)
result = handler(value) # (2)!
assert self.tz_constraint == str(
result.tzinfo
), f'Invalid tzinfo: {str(result.tzinfo)}, expected: {self.tz_constraint}'
return result
def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(
self,
source_type: Any,
handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler,
) -> CoreSchema:
return core_schema.no_info_wrap_validator_function(
self.tz_constraint_validator,
handler(source_type),
)
LA = 'America/Los_Angeles'
ta = TypeAdapter(Annotated[dt.datetime, MyDatetimeValidator(LA)])
print(
ta.validate_python(dt.datetime(2023, 1, 1, 0, 0, tzinfo=pytz.timezone(LA)))
)
#> 2023-01-01 00:00:00-07:53
LONDON = 'Europe/London'
try:
ta.validate_python(
dt.datetime(2023, 1, 1, 0, 0, tzinfo=pytz.timezone(LONDON))
)
except ValidationError as ve:
pprint(ve.errors(), width=100)
"""
[{'ctx': {'error': AssertionError('Invalid tzinfo: Europe/London, expected: America/Los_Angeles')},
'input': datetime.datetime(2023, 1, 1, 0, 0, tzinfo=<DstTzInfo 'Europe/London' LMT-1 day, 23:59:00 STD>),
'loc': (),
'msg': 'Assertion failed, Invalid tzinfo: Europe/London, expected: America/Los_Angeles',
'type': 'assertion_error',
'url': 'https://errors.pydantic.dev/2.8/v/assertion_error'}]
"""
-
handler
函数是我们用来验证输入的标准pydantic
验证 -
我们在此包装验证器中调用
handler
函数,以使用标准pydantic
验证来验证输入
我们也可以以类似的方式强制 UTC 偏移量约束。假设我们有一个 lower_bound
和一个 upper_bound
,我们可以创建一个自定义验证器来确保我们的 datetime
的 UTC 偏移量在我们定义的边界内是包含的:
import datetime as dt
from dataclasses import dataclass
from pprint import pprint
from typing import Any, Callable
import pytz
from pydantic_core import CoreSchema, core_schema
from typing_extensions import Annotated
from pydantic import GetCoreSchemaHandler, TypeAdapter, ValidationError
@dataclass(frozen=True)
class MyDatetimeValidator:
lower_bound: int
upper_bound: int
def validate_tz_bounds(self, value: dt.datetime, handler: Callable):
"""Validate and test bounds"""
assert value.utcoffset() is not None, 'UTC offset must exist'
assert self.lower_bound <= self.upper_bound, 'Invalid bounds'
result = handler(value)
hours_offset = value.utcoffset().total_seconds() / 3600
assert (
self.lower_bound <= hours_offset <= self.upper_bound
), 'Value out of bounds'
return result
def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(
self,
source_type: Any,
handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler,
) -> CoreSchema:
return core_schema.no_info_wrap_validator_function(
self.validate_tz_bounds,
handler(source_type),
)
LA = 'America/Los_Angeles' # UTC-7 or UTC-8
ta = TypeAdapter(Annotated[dt.datetime, MyDatetimeValidator(-10, -5)])
print(
ta.validate_python(dt.datetime(2023, 1, 1, 0, 0, tzinfo=pytz.timezone(LA)))
)
#> 2023-01-01 00:00:00-07:53
LONDON = 'Europe/London'
try:
print(
ta.validate_python(
dt.datetime(2023, 1, 1, 0, 0, tzinfo=pytz.timezone(LONDON))
)
)
except ValidationError as e:
pprint(e.errors(), width=100)
"""
[{'ctx': {'error': AssertionError('Value out of bounds')},
'input': datetime.datetime(2023, 1, 1, 0, 0, tzinfo=<DstTzInfo 'Europe/London' LMT-1 day, 23:59:00 STD>),
'loc': (),
'msg': 'Assertion failed, Value out of bounds',
'type': 'assertion_error',
'url': 'https://errors.pydantic.dev/2.8/v/assertion_error'}]
"""
验证嵌套模型字段¶
在这里,我们展示了两种验证嵌套模型字段的方法,其中验证器利用了来自父模型的数据。
在这个例子中,我们构建了一个验证器,用于检查每个用户的密码是否不在父模型指定的禁止密码列表中。
有一种方法是在外部模型上放置一个自定义验证器:
from typing import List
from typing_extensions import Self
from pydantic import BaseModel, ValidationError, model_validator
class User(BaseModel):
username: str
password: str
class Organization(BaseModel):
forbidden_passwords: List[str]
users: List[User]
@model_validator(mode='after')
def validate_user_passwords(self) -> Self:
"""Check that user password is not in forbidden list. Raise a validation error if a forbidden password is encountered."""
for user in self.users:
current_pw = user.password
if current_pw in self.forbidden_passwords:
raise ValueError(
f'Password {current_pw} is forbidden. Please choose another password for user {user.username}.'
)
return self
data = {
'forbidden_passwords': ['123'],
'users': [
{'username': 'Spartacat', 'password': '123'},
{'username': 'Iceburgh', 'password': '87'},
],
}
try:
org = Organization(**data)
except ValidationError as e:
print(e)
"""
1 validation error for Organization
Value error, Password 123 is forbidden. Please choose another password for user Spartacat. [type=value_error, input_value={'forbidden_passwords': [...gh', 'password': '87'}]}, input_type=dict]
"""
或者,可以在嵌套模型类( User
)中使用自定义验证器,并通过验证上下文传递来自父模型的禁止密码数据。
警告
在验证器中更改上下文的能力为嵌套验证添加了很多功能,但也可能导致令人困惑或难以调试的代码。请自行承担使用此方法的风险!
from typing import List
from pydantic import BaseModel, ValidationError, ValidationInfo, field_validator
class User(BaseModel): username: str password: str
@field_validator('password', mode='after')
@classmethod
def validate_user_passwords(
cls, password: str, info: ValidationInfo
) -> str:
"""Check that user password is not in forbidden list."""
forbidden_passwords = (
info.context.get('forbidden_passwords', []) if info.context else []
)
if password in forbidden_passwords:
raise ValueError(f'Password {password} is forbidden.')
return password
class Organization(BaseModel): forbidden_passwords: List[str] users: List[User]
@field_validator('forbidden_passwords', mode='after')
@classmethod
def add_context(cls, v: List[str], info: ValidationInfo) -> List[str]:
if info.context is not None:
info.context.update({'forbidden_passwords': v})
return v
data = { 'forbidden_passwords': ['123'], 'users': [ {'username': 'Spartacat', 'password': '123'}, {'username': 'Iceburgh', 'password': '87'}, ], }
try: org = Organization.model_validate(data, context={}) except ValidationError as e: print(e) """ 1 validation error for Organization users.0.password Value error, Password 123 is forbidden. [type=value_error, input_value='123', input_type=str] """
请注意,如果上下文属性未包含在 model_validate
中,那么 info.context
将是 None
,并且禁止密码列表将不会被添加到上述实现中的上下文。因此, validate_user_passwords
将不会执行所需的密码验证。
有关验证上下文的更多详细信息可以在这里找到。
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